Table 5 Summary effect of nutritional vitamins supplements on status of vitamin E human milk composition
From: Nutritional supplements and mother’s milk composition: a systematic review of interventional studies
| First author surname, citation number | Type of Supplement | Characteristics of Participants | Type of study | Aim | Type of Nutrients Evaluated in Milk | Main findings | Jadad scale points and WHO divisions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clemente [60] |
A control group without treatment, a group receiving an acetate capsule with natural RRR-a-TOH (GNAT), and a group receiving an acetate capsule with synthetic all-rac-a-TOH (GSINT) | 109 healthy lactating women ages 18 to 40 year. | A randomized double-blind clinical trial | Evaluate levels of vitamin E in human colostrums when lactating mothers were given supplements of either natural or synthetic forms of alpha-tocopherol. | A-tocopherol | Women who received supplementation had higher concentrations of a-TOH in colostrums than the control group, with 57 and 39% increases in women supplemented with the natural and synthetic forms of a-TOH, respectively. |
4/5 Americas (AMRO) |
| Gaur [61] | The 3 groups were as follows: 1) 45.5 mg all-rac-a-TAc (ARAC), 2) 22.8 mg all-rac-a-Tac + 20.1 mg RRR-a-tocopherol (MIX), and 3) 40.2 mg RRR-a-tocopherol (RRR | Eighty-nine mothers aged 19–40 years. | Prospective, randomized, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled | To elucidate the effect of a-tocopherol supplementation with RRR-a-tocopherol, all-rac-a-tocopherol acetate (Tac), or a mixture (combination of RRR-a-tocopherol and all-rac-a-Tac) on the a-tocopherol stereoisomer distribution in plasma and milk. | A-tocopherol structural isomers and a-tocopherol stereoisomers | There were no significant treatment group or time-dependent changes in milk or plasma a, g, or d-tocoph erol. Supplementation changed both milk and plasma percentage RRR-a-tocopherol (P < 0.05) and percentage non-RRRa-tocopherol (P < 0.05). In the RRR group, percentage RRR-a-tocopherol increased in milk (mean 6SEM: 78 62.3% compared with 82 61.7%) (P < 0.05) |
3/5 Americas (AMRO) |
| Johnson [33] | Beta carotene | Healthy lactating women (1–8 mo postpartum, 18–40 y old) | Randomized clinical trial | Examination of the concentration of BC isomers in breast milk and buccal mucosa cells after continuous oral doses of BC isomers is a simple, non-invasive method. | Beta carotene | The changes in breast milk concentration of all-trans BC in response to a continuous oral dose of BC followed a pattern similar to that for serum. A significant increase in concentration was observed by d 3 (P < 0.009) and steadily increased to six times the baseline level (d 1) by the end of the supplementation period (d 8, P < 0.0001). |
2/5 Americas (AMRO) |
| Kanno [62] | d-α.Tocopherol | Mother, who had delivered a low-birth-weight infant (1975 g) after 38 weeks of gestation | Quasi experimental study | To investigated the transfer of a-T into the breast milk of a lactating mother who was orally administered with α.Tocopherol | α.Tocopherol | By a single dose of α. Tocopherol, the content of α. Tocopherol per lipid was increased by a maximum of 7-fold and the ratio of α. Tocopherol equivalent/PUFA was markedly improved, although the total amount of α. Tocopherol transferred into the milk was small. |
1/5 WPRO (Western Pacific Regional Office) |
| Medeiros [63] | A single oral dose of 400 IU natural vitamin E. | Participants were women aged between 18 and 45 years. | Randomized clinical trial | To assess the effect of vitamin E supplementation on the α-tocopherol concentrations of colostrums, transitional milk and mature milk of women who had given birth prematurely. | Α-Tocopherol | Breast milk α-tocopherol concentrations increased by 60% 24 h after supplementation in the intervention group and did not increase at all in the control group. Α-Tocopherol concentration of the transitional milk in the supplemented group was 35% higher compared with the control group. |
2/5 Americas (AMRO) |
| Melo [64] | capsules containing 400 international units (IU) of alpha-tocopherol | 99 healthy pregnant women; mean age was 24 ± 6 years. | Randomized clinical trial | To evaluate the effect of maternal supplementation with vitamin E on the concentration of α tocopherol in colostrums and its supply to the newborn. | a-tocopherol | After supplementation, the mean concentration of -tocopherol in the mothers’ colostrums was 1650.6 ± 968.7 and 2346.9 ± 1203.2 mg/dL in the CG and SG groups, respectively. However, the mean αtocopherol concentrations in supplemented women increased the concentration of αtocopherol secreted in colostrums by 61% (p < 0.001). |
3/5 Americas (AMRO) |